HvMPK4 phosphorylates HvWRKY1 to enhance its suppression of barley immunity to powdery mildew fungus
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关键词:
Abstract: Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play important roles in disease resistance in model plant species. However, the functions of MAPK signaling pathways in crop disease resistance are largely unknown. Here we report the function ofHv MKK1-Hv MPK4-Hv WRKY1 module in barley immune system.Hv MPK4 is identified to play a negative role in barley immune response againstBgh , as virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) ofHvMPK4 results in enhanced disease resistance whilst stably overexpressingHvMPK4 leads to super-susceptibility toBgh infection. Furthermore, the barley MAPK kinaseHv MKK1 is found to specifically interact withHv MPK4, and the activatedHv MKK1DD variant specifically phosphorylatesHv MPK4 in vitro. Moreover, the transcription factorHv WRKY1 is identified to be a downstream target ofHv MPK4, and phosphorylated byHv MPK4 in vitro in the presence ofHv MKK1DD. Phosphorylation assay coupled with mutagenesis analyses identifies S122, T284, and S347 inHv WRKY1 as the major residues phosphorylated byHv MPK4.Hv WRKY1 is phosphorylated in barley at early stages ofBgh infection, which enhances its suppression on barley immunity likely due to enhanced DNA-binding and transcriptional repression activity. Our data suggest that theHv MKK1-Hv MPK4 kinase pair acts upstream ofHv WRKY1 to negatively regulate barley immunity against powdery mildew.-
Key words:
- barley /
- MPK4 /
- WRKY1 /
- phosphorylation /
- disease resistance /
- powdery mildew
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