a. Rice and Sorghum Research Institute (Deyang Branch), Horticultural Crops Germplasm Innovation and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Vegetables, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang, Sichuan 618099, China;
b. College of Life Science, Southwest Bio-resources R&D Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China;
c. Biological Breeding Laboratory, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, China;
d. College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China;
e. Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610200, China
Funds:
This work was supported by the Key Project supported by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U22A20494), the 1+9 Open Competition Project of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1+9KJGG002), the National Key R&D Program of China (2024YFA1306700), the "5+1" Agricultural Frontier Technology Research Initiative of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (5+1QYGG003), the Project of Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Vegetables (2023PZSC0303), the 14th Five-Year Plan Vegetable Breeding Project of Sichuan Province (2021YFYZ0022), and the Experts of Sichuan Vegetable Innovation Team (SCCXTD-2024-05).
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important cruciferous root vegetable, with bolting regulated by multiple genes; however, the genetic mechanisms underlying bolting regulation remain unclear. Here, the genome of the cultivar C60213 is assembled into a high-quality, gap-free telomere-to-telomere structure, spanning nine chromosomes and totaling 472.71 Mb, using a combination of Oxford Nanopore, PacBio, and Hi-C sequencing technologies. It identifies 49,768 protein-coding genes, 97.38% of which are functionally annotated. Repetitive sequences constitute 59.72% of the genome, primarily comprising long terminal repeats. A high-density genetic linkage map is constructed using an F2 population derived from a cross between early- and late-bolting radishes, identifying seven major quantitative trait loci associated with bolting and flowering. RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR analysis reveal that the RsMIPS3 gene is found to be associated with bolting, with its expression decreasing during this process. Notably, RsMIPS3 overexpression in Arabidopsis delays bolting, confirming its role in regulating bolting time. These findings advance radish genome research and provide a valuable target for breeding late-bolting varieties.
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